Diversity Of Life
2021年7月22日Download here: http://gg.gg/vheha
The Diversity of LifeFossils
The word fossil means literally ’dug up.’ More practically, they are remains or evidence of once living organisms. Fossils are of great value for geologists. They are used for stratigraphic correlation and for studying the evolution of life on Earth through time.
In this book a master scientist tells the story of how life on earth evolved. Wilson eloquently describes how the species of the world became diverse and why that diversity is threatened today as never before. A great spasm of extinction - the disappearance of whole species - is occurring now, caused this time entirely by humans.
*^ Last Version Diversity Of Life Biology The Unity And Diversity Of Life 13th Edition ^ Uploaded By Dean Koontz, known for its writing style and trendsetting art biology the unity and diversity of life engages students with relevant applications and encourages critical thinking this edition offers a new learning roadmap in each.
*Basically everything we see, every people we meet, every culture we know (from zero) is based in diversity. If we notice every person has their own way to be, and thats diversity. How we talk, how we behave, how we react, is different from the other, and that’s what makes the world less bored, live in diversity is almost everything because you learn how to live and learn from others.
*Wilson, internationally regarded as the dean of biodiversity studies, conducts us on a tour through time, traces the processes that create new species in bursts of adaptive radiation, and points out the cataclysmic events that have disrupted evolution and diminished global diversity over the past 600 million years.
Fossil Preservation
Organisms are made up of organic matter (’soft parts’) and inorganic skeletal materials (’hard parts’). There are various modes of fossil preservation:
preservation of hard parts is the most common. Shell, bones, and other skeletal materials may be preserved mostly unaltered or in varying degrees of alteration. Over time shell and bone material may be recrystallized, obscuring the finer structure.
preservation of soft parts is rare because organic matter is subject to decay (oxidation). Soft parts may be preserved for hundreds of thousands or millions of years if rapidly buried in an oxygen poor environment, such as in an organic rich swamp, or if frozen in ice, such as wooly mammoths and the recently found ’ice man’ preserved in ice.
permineralization is the molecule by molecule replacement of an organisms original material for by stable inorganic materials. Petrified wood is a good example. Wood is organic matter that is subject to decay. But sometimes buried logs will have the woody organic matter replaced by silica (quartz) slowly as the groundwater seeps through the wood. Some of the woods structure is retained, such as the wood grain.
carbonization is another mode of preservation of organic matter. Sometimes as organic matter, say a leaf, slowly oxidizes, their may be a thin film of carbon left. There may also be a leaf impression.
molds and casts may be left if shell material dissolves before the mud that the shells were encased in. Molds are hollows in the shape of the shell left after the shell has dissolved. Casts are the mud left from the inside of the shell after the shell has dissolved.
trace fossils such as tracks and trails, burrows, and coprolites (feces) may tell us much about a fossil organisms habits and diet.
The Six Kingdoms of Life (viruses not included)
Living things have the ability to maintain themselves and reproduce. Anything from the lowliest, single-cell bacterium to the most complex vertebrates and towering redwood trees have that ability. Viruses, on the other hand are only quasi living. They are not much more than bundles of DNA. To survive, they force host cells to carry out these functions for them.
There are millions of species of organisms living on the Earth today. Many millions of others that lived in the past are now extinct. Scientists and natural philosophers (such as Aristotle in ancient Greece) have recognized that organisms can be organized according to similarities and differences.
The most basic difference between organism is the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are the simplest, most primitive kinds of single-celled organisms. They are the bacteria. They lack a nucleus to hold their genetic material. The DNA (genetic material) in a prokaryotic cell lies in a bundle within the cell. Bacterial cells are quite small (microscopic) and very simple. Eukaryotes are more advanced organisms. They may be single celled, like amoebas and paramecia that you may have seen under a microscope in elementary school, or they may be complex, multicellular organisms like humans. Essentially, all living things on Earth besides bacteria are eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains the DNA on structures called chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells also contain many bodies called organelles that perform specialized functions to aid in energy processing, etc. Eukarytotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells, though normally also microscopic.
Many kinds of organisms must obtain their energy by breaking down (digesting/metabolizing) organic matter. Animals, fungi, and some prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-celled organisms do this. Many other organisms capture energy by the process of photosynthesis in which sunlight is used to produce carbohydrate (energy store) from carbon dioxide and water. Plants, algae, and some kinds of bacteria do this. Some organisms obtain their energy from dissolved ions by a process known as chemosynthesis. Some of the most primitive bacteria do this.
The tree of life is organized from the most general (kingdoms) down to the most specific level (species). Kingdoms can be subdivided into phyla (phylum is the singular); phyla into classes; classes into orders; orders into families; families into genuses; genuses include many species.
Scoring scripts updated app. For example, some of the phyla of Kindom Animalia are Phylum Chordata (including the vertebrates), Phylum Arthropoda (including insects, spiders, and crustaceans), and Phylum Porifera (the sponges). humans belong to Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, Genus Homo, Species Homo sapiens.
For now we will just introduce the kingdoms. Later, we will discuss the most important fossil groups from each kingdom.
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Archeobacteria
Archeobacteria are characterized by living in extreme conditions. Some kinds of archeobacteria live in extremely hot water, such as at hot water vents at the midocean ridges called black smokers or in hot springs. Others live in very acidic waters, or very salty waters, or in environments devoid of oxygen. They are considered primitive bacteria. Some of these conditions are similar to condition under which life may have first arisen on Earth. Perhaps the archeobacteria include the oldest kinds of organisms on Earth.
Kingdom Eubacteria
The oldest known living things on Earth are a type of eubacteria. The oldest fossils yet found are 3.5 billion year old cyanobacteria. These are photosynthetic bacteria formerly known as ’blue-green algae.’ They are not true algae. True algae are eukaryotes. By about 3.2 billion years ago the fossil record contains the first large fossils called stromatolites. These formed from filamentous cyanobacteria that trapped sediments in mats that often grew into mounds.
(Under some schemes all bacteria are included in one kingdom)
Eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista
Protists are mostly single-celled (mostly microscopic) eukaryotes, though some simple multicellular organisms are also lumped in with the protists. Some protists secrete a shell and are important contributors to the fossil record.Protozoans ingest organic matter to obtain their energy. These include amoebas and paramecia. The most important microfossil protozoans are foraminifera (calcium carbonate shells) and radiolarians (silica shells).Algae are photosynthetic protists. Dinoflagellates form a tuff protein casing called a cyst when conditions are poor. These cysts often preserve as fossils. The oldest fossils that may represent eukaryotes are cysts found in rocks about 1.7 billion years old similar to those of the dinoflagellates. The most important algae microfossil are diatoms (silica shells) and calcareous nanoplankton (calcareous shells).
Kingdom Plantae
Plants are multicellular organisms that produce their own energy and via photosysnthesis. They are primary producers on the land. They include everything from mosses to ferns to conifers, like pine trees, to broad leaf trees, like oak trees, to grasses. Plants probably arose during the lower Paleozoic.
Kingdom Fungi
Fungi are multicellular and single-celled organisms that break down dead organic matter within their cells. The multicellular fungi are plant-like in that they lack senses and the ability to move about like animals, but they are incapable of photosynthesis. Mushrooms belong to the Fungus Kingdom. Fungi do not fossilize easily so they are poorly represented in the fossil record. The oldest fossil fungi are from the Cambrian Period.
Kingdom Animalia
Animals are multicellular organisms that ingest organic matter to obtain energy and materials for life. Animals run the gamut from simple sponges and corals, to complex invertebrates like insects and crustaceans, to complex vertebrates like reptiles and mammals. Animals arose during the late Proterozoic, around 600 million years ago or so.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the classification of living organisms. Taxonomy groups living things into Kingdoms, which are subdivided into phyla, classes, orders, families, genuses, and species. This was first established by Linneus in the 18th century.
The traditional means of organizing the various genera is with the phylogenetic tree or the branching tree of life. The groupings of similar genera implies relationships among organisms.
cladistics is a method of classification that assumes that living things have ancestral relationships derived from their evolution. A clade is a group of organism that all share a common set of ’primitive’ traits (those acquired from some common ancestor). (redirected from Diversity of life)
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia.Related to Diversity of life: Diversity of citizenshipbi·o·di·ver·si·ty(bī′ō-dĭ-vûr′sĭ-tē)n.1. The number and variety of species found within a specified geographic region.2. The variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems.American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.biodiversity (ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsɪtɪ) n (Biology) the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species in their natural environments, which is the aim of conservationists concerned about the destruction of rainforests and other habitatsCollins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014bi•o•di•ver•si•ty (ˌbaɪ oʊ dɪˈvɜr sɪ ti, -daɪ-)
n. diversity of plant and animal species in an environment. Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.bi·o·di·ver·si·tyDiversity Of Life Pdf(bī′ō-dĭ-vûr′sĭ-tē) The number and variety of different organisms found within a specified geographic region.The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition. Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.biodiversityDictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group Copyright © 2008 by Diagram Visual Information LimitedNoun1.biodiversity - the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole); ’a high level of biodiversity is desirable’diverseness, diversity, multifariousness, variety - noticeable heterogeneity; ’a diversity of possibilities’; ’the range and variety of his work is amazing’Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.biodiversity[ˌbaɪədaɪˈvɜːsɪtɪ]NDiversity Of Life Quiz → biodiversidadfCollins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005biodiversitybio-diversity[ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːrsɪti]n → biodiversitéfCollins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005Collins Italian Dictionary 1st Edition © HarperCollins Publishers 1995
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Diversity Of Life Textbook Link to this page: Diversity Of Life
Download here: http://gg.gg/vheha
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The Diversity of LifeFossils
The word fossil means literally ’dug up.’ More practically, they are remains or evidence of once living organisms. Fossils are of great value for geologists. They are used for stratigraphic correlation and for studying the evolution of life on Earth through time.
In this book a master scientist tells the story of how life on earth evolved. Wilson eloquently describes how the species of the world became diverse and why that diversity is threatened today as never before. A great spasm of extinction - the disappearance of whole species - is occurring now, caused this time entirely by humans.
*^ Last Version Diversity Of Life Biology The Unity And Diversity Of Life 13th Edition ^ Uploaded By Dean Koontz, known for its writing style and trendsetting art biology the unity and diversity of life engages students with relevant applications and encourages critical thinking this edition offers a new learning roadmap in each.
*Basically everything we see, every people we meet, every culture we know (from zero) is based in diversity. If we notice every person has their own way to be, and thats diversity. How we talk, how we behave, how we react, is different from the other, and that’s what makes the world less bored, live in diversity is almost everything because you learn how to live and learn from others.
*Wilson, internationally regarded as the dean of biodiversity studies, conducts us on a tour through time, traces the processes that create new species in bursts of adaptive radiation, and points out the cataclysmic events that have disrupted evolution and diminished global diversity over the past 600 million years.
Fossil Preservation
Organisms are made up of organic matter (’soft parts’) and inorganic skeletal materials (’hard parts’). There are various modes of fossil preservation:
preservation of hard parts is the most common. Shell, bones, and other skeletal materials may be preserved mostly unaltered or in varying degrees of alteration. Over time shell and bone material may be recrystallized, obscuring the finer structure.
preservation of soft parts is rare because organic matter is subject to decay (oxidation). Soft parts may be preserved for hundreds of thousands or millions of years if rapidly buried in an oxygen poor environment, such as in an organic rich swamp, or if frozen in ice, such as wooly mammoths and the recently found ’ice man’ preserved in ice.
permineralization is the molecule by molecule replacement of an organisms original material for by stable inorganic materials. Petrified wood is a good example. Wood is organic matter that is subject to decay. But sometimes buried logs will have the woody organic matter replaced by silica (quartz) slowly as the groundwater seeps through the wood. Some of the woods structure is retained, such as the wood grain.
carbonization is another mode of preservation of organic matter. Sometimes as organic matter, say a leaf, slowly oxidizes, their may be a thin film of carbon left. There may also be a leaf impression.
molds and casts may be left if shell material dissolves before the mud that the shells were encased in. Molds are hollows in the shape of the shell left after the shell has dissolved. Casts are the mud left from the inside of the shell after the shell has dissolved.
trace fossils such as tracks and trails, burrows, and coprolites (feces) may tell us much about a fossil organisms habits and diet.
The Six Kingdoms of Life (viruses not included)
Living things have the ability to maintain themselves and reproduce. Anything from the lowliest, single-cell bacterium to the most complex vertebrates and towering redwood trees have that ability. Viruses, on the other hand are only quasi living. They are not much more than bundles of DNA. To survive, they force host cells to carry out these functions for them.
There are millions of species of organisms living on the Earth today. Many millions of others that lived in the past are now extinct. Scientists and natural philosophers (such as Aristotle in ancient Greece) have recognized that organisms can be organized according to similarities and differences.
The most basic difference between organism is the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are the simplest, most primitive kinds of single-celled organisms. They are the bacteria. They lack a nucleus to hold their genetic material. The DNA (genetic material) in a prokaryotic cell lies in a bundle within the cell. Bacterial cells are quite small (microscopic) and very simple. Eukaryotes are more advanced organisms. They may be single celled, like amoebas and paramecia that you may have seen under a microscope in elementary school, or they may be complex, multicellular organisms like humans. Essentially, all living things on Earth besides bacteria are eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains the DNA on structures called chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells also contain many bodies called organelles that perform specialized functions to aid in energy processing, etc. Eukarytotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells, though normally also microscopic.
Many kinds of organisms must obtain their energy by breaking down (digesting/metabolizing) organic matter. Animals, fungi, and some prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-celled organisms do this. Many other organisms capture energy by the process of photosynthesis in which sunlight is used to produce carbohydrate (energy store) from carbon dioxide and water. Plants, algae, and some kinds of bacteria do this. Some organisms obtain their energy from dissolved ions by a process known as chemosynthesis. Some of the most primitive bacteria do this.
The tree of life is organized from the most general (kingdoms) down to the most specific level (species). Kingdoms can be subdivided into phyla (phylum is the singular); phyla into classes; classes into orders; orders into families; families into genuses; genuses include many species.
Scoring scripts updated app. For example, some of the phyla of Kindom Animalia are Phylum Chordata (including the vertebrates), Phylum Arthropoda (including insects, spiders, and crustaceans), and Phylum Porifera (the sponges). humans belong to Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, Genus Homo, Species Homo sapiens.
For now we will just introduce the kingdoms. Later, we will discuss the most important fossil groups from each kingdom.
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Archeobacteria
Archeobacteria are characterized by living in extreme conditions. Some kinds of archeobacteria live in extremely hot water, such as at hot water vents at the midocean ridges called black smokers or in hot springs. Others live in very acidic waters, or very salty waters, or in environments devoid of oxygen. They are considered primitive bacteria. Some of these conditions are similar to condition under which life may have first arisen on Earth. Perhaps the archeobacteria include the oldest kinds of organisms on Earth.
Kingdom Eubacteria
The oldest known living things on Earth are a type of eubacteria. The oldest fossils yet found are 3.5 billion year old cyanobacteria. These are photosynthetic bacteria formerly known as ’blue-green algae.’ They are not true algae. True algae are eukaryotes. By about 3.2 billion years ago the fossil record contains the first large fossils called stromatolites. These formed from filamentous cyanobacteria that trapped sediments in mats that often grew into mounds.
(Under some schemes all bacteria are included in one kingdom)
Eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista
Protists are mostly single-celled (mostly microscopic) eukaryotes, though some simple multicellular organisms are also lumped in with the protists. Some protists secrete a shell and are important contributors to the fossil record.Protozoans ingest organic matter to obtain their energy. These include amoebas and paramecia. The most important microfossil protozoans are foraminifera (calcium carbonate shells) and radiolarians (silica shells).Algae are photosynthetic protists. Dinoflagellates form a tuff protein casing called a cyst when conditions are poor. These cysts often preserve as fossils. The oldest fossils that may represent eukaryotes are cysts found in rocks about 1.7 billion years old similar to those of the dinoflagellates. The most important algae microfossil are diatoms (silica shells) and calcareous nanoplankton (calcareous shells).
Kingdom Plantae
Plants are multicellular organisms that produce their own energy and via photosysnthesis. They are primary producers on the land. They include everything from mosses to ferns to conifers, like pine trees, to broad leaf trees, like oak trees, to grasses. Plants probably arose during the lower Paleozoic.
Kingdom Fungi
Fungi are multicellular and single-celled organisms that break down dead organic matter within their cells. The multicellular fungi are plant-like in that they lack senses and the ability to move about like animals, but they are incapable of photosynthesis. Mushrooms belong to the Fungus Kingdom. Fungi do not fossilize easily so they are poorly represented in the fossil record. The oldest fossil fungi are from the Cambrian Period.
Kingdom Animalia
Animals are multicellular organisms that ingest organic matter to obtain energy and materials for life. Animals run the gamut from simple sponges and corals, to complex invertebrates like insects and crustaceans, to complex vertebrates like reptiles and mammals. Animals arose during the late Proterozoic, around 600 million years ago or so.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the classification of living organisms. Taxonomy groups living things into Kingdoms, which are subdivided into phyla, classes, orders, families, genuses, and species. This was first established by Linneus in the 18th century.
The traditional means of organizing the various genera is with the phylogenetic tree or the branching tree of life. The groupings of similar genera implies relationships among organisms.
cladistics is a method of classification that assumes that living things have ancestral relationships derived from their evolution. A clade is a group of organism that all share a common set of ’primitive’ traits (those acquired from some common ancestor). (redirected from Diversity of life)
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia.Related to Diversity of life: Diversity of citizenshipbi·o·di·ver·si·ty(bī′ō-dĭ-vûr′sĭ-tē)n.1. The number and variety of species found within a specified geographic region.2. The variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems.American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.biodiversity (ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsɪtɪ) n (Biology) the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species in their natural environments, which is the aim of conservationists concerned about the destruction of rainforests and other habitatsCollins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014bi•o•di•ver•si•ty (ˌbaɪ oʊ dɪˈvɜr sɪ ti, -daɪ-)
n. diversity of plant and animal species in an environment. Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.bi·o·di·ver·si·tyDiversity Of Life Pdf(bī′ō-dĭ-vûr′sĭ-tē) The number and variety of different organisms found within a specified geographic region.The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition. Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.biodiversityDictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group Copyright © 2008 by Diagram Visual Information LimitedNoun1.biodiversity - the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole); ’a high level of biodiversity is desirable’diverseness, diversity, multifariousness, variety - noticeable heterogeneity; ’a diversity of possibilities’; ’the range and variety of his work is amazing’Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.biodiversity[ˌbaɪədaɪˈvɜːsɪtɪ]NDiversity Of Life Quiz → biodiversidadfCollins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005biodiversitybio-diversity[ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːrsɪti]n → biodiversitéfCollins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005Collins Italian Dictionary 1st Edition © HarperCollins Publishers 1995
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster’s page for free fun content.
Diversity Of Life Textbook Link to this page: Diversity Of Life
Download here: http://gg.gg/vheha
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
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